Program Particulars
*Times denoted refer to web version of audio

(01:30–03:30) Music: "The Multiples of One" from Awakening, performed by Joseph Curiale

(01:44) Definition of Fundamentalism
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, defines fundamentalism as "a usually religious movement or point of view characterized by a return to fundamental principles, by rigid adherence to those principles, and often by intolerance of other views and opposition to secularism."

(06:31) Version of Islamic Fundamentalism
Abou El Fadl belonged to the Wahhabi sect, an ultra-conservative, puritanical movement of Islam. The reform movement originated in the Arabian peninsula in the 18th century and was founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahab. A proponent of al-Wahab's teachings, the tribal leader Muhammad ibn Saud championed the movement and from then on Saudis have become the movement's main supporters; it's the dominant school of Islam in Saudi Arabia today.

Devout Wahabis believe that other Muslims, particularly the Shiites, have abandoned their faith in one God, tawhid, and have distorted Islam. The Wahabis accept only the Qur'an and the authentic Sunna, customary practices of living modeled on the life and teachings of the prophet Muhammad, and reject 1,400 years of the development and interpretation of Islamic theology and mysticism. They oppose veneration of saints and relics, prohibit decorating of mosques, and ban luxury. Anyone who does not accept these tenets is considered a heretic.

(08:05) Era of Prophet
The prophet Muhammad lived from 570 to 632 CE.

(11:43–12:19) Music: "Desert Capriccio" from Silk Road Journeys: When Strangers Meet, performed by Yo-Yo Ma & The Silk Road Ensemble

(12:25) Reference to Islamic Jurisprudence
Islamic jurisprudence, also known as fiqu in Arabic, refers to the discernment of Islamic scholars on how the teachings of the Qur'an may be applied in the lives of the faithful. In the classical period of Islamic jurisprudence, in the first two to three centuries after the Prophet Muhammad's death, disagreement was tolerated and expected. Wide-ranging debates are documented in which a variety of interpretations of Muslim precepts were held in tension. Modern Islamic jurists, such as Khaled Abou el Fadl, find in these ancient texts and debates an orthodox foundation for a more tolerant, modern Islam.

(14:59) Quote of Halevi
Krista cites a passage from Yossi Klein Halevi's book, At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land. In the following extended excerpt, Halevi describes a visit by a Islamic religious leader to Jerusalem:

And then, just as I was about to despair of experiencing Ramadan, Sheykh Ishak Idriss Sakouta appeared in Jerusalem on a one-man mission of religious peace. Not even his sponsors seemed to know much about him. He was believed to be a member of a Sufi order, but no one knew which. It was said that he divided his time between Cairo, where he owned substantial land, and Mecca, where he helped organize provisions for pilgrims. He was said to be close to the Saudi royal family, which had awarded him the title of "religious counselor" to the World Muslim League, the royal family's charitable foundation. That title, however mysterious, had been impressive enough to win him audiences with the Israeli president and chief rabbi. A spiritual leader from the heartland of Islam—the forbidden city of Mecca, no less—was actually willing to talk to us; it was best not to examine his credentials too closely. That way, we could imagine that a major religious figure had broken the Muslim boycott on contact with Israel and that peace with Islam was possible after all.

This much could be said definitively about Sheykh Ishak: He had courage. Rabbi David Rosen, an interfaith leader and former chief rabbi of Ireland, had met Sheykh Ishak at an interreligious conference in Malta. Rosen invited all the participating Muslim clerics to visit Israel. "Some admitted to me privately that they were afraid for their lives," Rosen told me, referring to the danger posed by Muslim extremists. "Only Sheykh Ishak immediately agreed to come."

Like the late Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, the sheykh simply appeared in Jerusalem. But the sheykh's journey was more moving because it was more lonely. He came without an entourage, without protection, speaking in the name of God alone. Islam had a genius for fearlessness; the dark side was the suicide bombers. But here was another expression of Muslim contempt for death, a sheykh ready to die for peace with the Jews.

(15:34) The Theology of Jihad
Jihad is often misconstrued to mean "holy war," but, in a fuller sense, it derives from the phrase jihad fi sabil Allah, "striving in the cause of God." Jihad is divided into two categories, the greater and the lesser. The greater jihad is the warfare in oneself against any evil or temptation. The lesser jihad is the defense of Islam, or of a Muslim country or community, against aggression.

If jihad involves conflict, it can only be defensive and cannot be undertaken to convert others because of Qur'anic instruction that states that there "cannot be compulsion in religion." If these regulations are ignored or defied, it is an offense that must be answered for on the day of final judgement.

(16:15–17:18) Music: "Musique En Calice" from L'Eprise De Dieu (Enamored of God, A Soufi Oratorio), performed by Abou Nidaa Mrad

(17:21–18:19) Music: "Dog Tribe" from Seize the Time, performed by Fun-da-mental

(18:39) Audio Clip of Falwell Statement
Rev. Jerry Falwell is a fundamentalist Christian minister and televangelist, who is best known for founding the Moral Majority, a political action group that lobbied for prayer and the teaching of creationism in public schools, opposed the Equal Rights Amendment, homosexual rights, and abortion. The Moral Majority was dissolved in 1989.

Courtesy: Library of Congress

Jerry Falwell: It could be. I've never sensed a togetherness, a burden, a broken heart as I do in the Church today, and just 48 hours, I gave away a booklet I wrote ten years ago. I gave it away last night on the Biblical position on fasting and prayer because I do believe that that is what we've got to do now—fast and pray. And I agree totally with you that the Lord has protected us so wonderfully these 225 years. And since 1812, this is the first time that we've been attacked on our soil, first time, and by far the worst results. And I fear, as Donald Rumsfeld, the Secretary of Defense said yesterday, that this is only the beginning. And with biological warfare available to these monsters; the Husseins, the Bin Ladens, the Arafats, what we saw on Tuesday, as terrible as it is, could be miniscule if, in fact, if in fact God continues to lift the curtain and allow the enemies of America to give us probably what we deserve.

Pat Robertson: Jerry, that's my feeling. I think we've just seen the antechamber to terror. We haven't even begun to see what they can do to the major population.

Jerry Falwell: The ACLU's got to take a lot of blame for this.

Pat Robertson: Well, yes.

Jerry Falwell: And, I know that I'll hear from them for this. But, throwing God out successfully with the help of the federal court system, throwing God out of the public square, out of the schools. The abortionists have got to bear some burden for this because God will not be mocked. And when we destroy 40 million little innocent babies, we make God mad. I really believe that the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People For the American Way, all of them who have tried to secularize America. I point the finger in their face and say "you helped this happen."

Pat Robertson: Well, I totally concur, and the problem is we have adopted that agenda at the highest levels of our government. And so we're responsible as a free society for what the top people do. And, the top people, of course, is the court system.

(19:43–21:09) Music: "Star of the County Down" from Appalachia Waltz, performed by Yo-Yo Ma, Edgar Meyer, Mark O'Connor

(20:15) Reference to Dutch Reformed Church
The Dutch Reformed Church, or Hervomde Kerk, originated in the Netherlands with the Synod of Dort during the early 17th century. The canons that came out of this synod form the doctrinal basis of the religion. They were strongly Calvinist in their positions. They believed in the total depravity of humanity after the fall in the garden of Eden, that no action can persuade God's choice, and that Jesus Christ only died for an elect group who cannot reject God's grace.

(21:08) The Five Fundamentals
In reaction to the liberal Protestantism that was occurring in the late 1800s, a Bible Conference in Niagra issued a statement of belief, of which part came to be known as the five points of fundamentalism:

1. The Bible is without flaw in its original form because it is the inspired Word of God.
2. Christ was born of a virgin.
3. Jesus Christ was divine and all the acts and miracles He performed are historical events.
4. The crucifixion of Christ is substitutionary atonement in that Jesus willingly died and accepted the judgement for humanity's sins.
5. Christ's body was physically resurrected and bodily returned.

Leader at a Youth for Christ rally in Des Moines, Iowa. Courtesy: Library of Congress

• Youth for Christ: A group founded in 1944 that was first led by Billy Graham. It held Saturday night rallies and Bible clubs in the 1950s and 60s, and now is involved in campus and urban ministries.
• Young Life: Also started in the early 1940s, it is a Christian outreach organization that works with teenagers through organizing activities and outings.
• InterVarsity Christian Fellowship: An evangelical Christian campus ministry that works with college students and faculty. It encourages community activism through charitable projects and global missions.
• Campus Crusade for Christ International: This interdenominational Christian ministry promotes the gospels of Jesus and actively works to convert people of other faiths.

(24:46) Reference to Hasidic Judaism
Hasidism grew as a Jewish mystical movement among persecuted European Jews in the 18th century in response to the thought that Jewish life was becoming too academic. At first, Orthodox Jewish leaders thought the movement's mystical bent would detract from the study of the Torah, but by the mid-19th century it was generally accepted as a branch of Judaism.

Out of this tradition, a playful and creative belief in the power of stories emerged. Since much of Hasidic social life revolves around a charismatic leader, the zaddik—meaning "righteous man" in Hebrew—stories of present and past zaddikim compose a significant part of the group's mythology. Worship is characterized by joy, and manifests itself in song and dance as well as prayer. Hasidic Jews believe that all creation is an embodiment of the divine; sorrow and despair have no true reality in this world.

(24:56) Actuality of Fuller Broadcast
The extended passage was taken from a September 24, 1939 radio broadcast of Dr. Charles E. Fuller's Old Fashion Revival Hour:

Dr. Fuller: And, now, Mrs. Fuller is going to read to you from some of the letters if I can find her here in the studio. Where are you honey? Here, come on.

Mrs. Fuller: Right here. Right here
.
Dr. Fuller: Right here. All right. Come on.

Mrs. Fuller: Oh, good evening, friends. Here is a good letter from San Francisco. "Dear Mr. Fuller, I was talking to a young man who told me he found the Lord through hearing your message over the radio. While staying home to take care of his brothers and sisters, he would turn on the radio, and now he's saved and is a lieutenant in the Salvation Army and letting his light shine that others may see his good works and glorify our Father, which is in heaven."

(25:52) The SDS Movement
The Students for Democratic Society (SDS), was a radical youth organization in the United States during the 1960s. In 1962, the SDS issued the Port Huron Statement, a document that expressed dissatisfaction about the bureaucratic intrusion in student's personal lives and regret that the mainstream liberals were not doing enough to further the causes of civil rights movement. The group presented its vision for a post-Vietnam War America and called for students to join in a movement to establish participatory democracy."

It wasn't until the latter part of the 1960s that the group gained notoriety as it protested the Vietnam War. SDS demonstrations against the war drew thousands of protesters, and, in 1968, SDS sponsored a demonstration at Columbia University in New York that resulted in the arrest of over 700 protesters. Later that year, factions within the SDS developed and divided the organization, leading to its collapse.

(29:36–30:23) Music: "We Shall Overcome," performed by Brian Newhouse

(31:09) Reference to Christian Groups
Mouw says he explored many types of Christian spirituality. The Benedictine order is founded on the Rule of St. Benedict, a sixth century monastic leader, that maintains that stability and obedience are of utmost importance in discovering God.

Founded by St. Francis of Assisi in the early 13th century, members of the Franciscan order dedicate their lives to Jesus by adhering to the teachings in the Biblical gospels. To practice Jesus' words, they devote themselves to caring for the poor, the ill, and the homeless.

The Desert Fathers are one of the earliest forms of Christian monks. They emphasized asceticism and quiet devotion. The name of the group is based on the experiences of Jesus when he spent forty days spent in the desert, a place of extreme spiritual struggle that allows for a heightened dependence on God.

(33:15–34:14) Music: "Book of Ways 1" from Book Of Ways, performed by Keith Jarrett

(34:00–34:42) Music: "Shir Hama'alot" from Klezmer Soul, performed by Kol Simcha

(35:20) Reference to Militant Jewish Organizations
The Jewish Defense League (JDL) is a controversial, activist organization that was established in 1968. They are concerned with issues of Soviet Jewry, Nazi war criminals, and anti-Semitism and strive to draw regular attention to these topics via major media outlets. The Five Principles of the Jewish Defense League outline the aims of the group. The Anti-Defamation League provides a chronology of JDL activities in the United States from 1969-1995.

The Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (SSSJ) was established in 1964 in New York. The organization fought, with great success, for the right of Jews within Russia to worship and to leave the country as they chose.

(35:42) Definition of Zionism
Zionism is a political and ideological movement that's dedicated to restoring and preserving a Jewish state in Palestine that would be secured by public law. The nation of Israel was created in 1948, and Zionist organizations continue to encourage the Jewish diaspora to return to the native homeland of Israel.

Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth.

(39:16) Audio from Bombing in Jerusalem
The sounds of the aftermath of a suicide bombing at a Sbarro pizzeria in Jerusalem occurred

Photo of the Sbarro's pizzeria in Jerusalem after the suicide bombing

(43:37–44:20) Music: "The Child's Prophecy" from Celestial Wedding, performed by Sheva

(46:47) Cite from Halevi's Book
Krista recites a passage from Yossi Klein Halevi's book, At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land. In the following extended excerpt, Halevi recalls having dinner with Sheykh Ishak at a small house in the Arab village of Abu Ghosh:

The sheykh broke his fast sparingly—a date, an olive, a slow sip of water, a TV played burred scenes from Mecca, where the great square was filled with pilgrims gathered to celebrate the chief event of Ramadan: the revelation of the Koran to the Prophet Muhammad. I felt a Jewish unease viewing that scene of Muslim power, imagining its combined force of quantity and intensity turned against Israel. The sheykh said, "When I complete my journey to Jerusalem, I will go on a pilgrimage to Mecca." Suddenly the menacing mass had a benign face.

(48:05–48:34) Music: "Hilula" from Day & Night, performed by Sheva

(50:50–52:54) Music: "Shekinah" from Day & Night, performed by Sheva